Serum iron and transferrin levels are measured, and transferrin (iron) saturation is computed, as part of the iron profile. Hemoglobin and a number of other significant proteins require iron to function properly. Anemia can be brought on by a low hemoglobin level brought on by a nutritional shortage, intestinal malabsorption, or bleeding during digestion. Anemia manifests as persistent weakness, paleness, and lightheadedness. Rarely, an excess of iron may exist, in which case it tends to accumulate in tissues and impede their normal function (hemochromatosis). The hemoglobin in red blood cells contains the majority of the iron in the human body. Serum contains trace amounts of iron that are attached to transferrin, a protein that moves iron from stores—particularly the liver—to the bone marrow, which is where hemoglobin is made. The saturation level of transferrin, a protein made by the liver, must be considered when interpreting serum iron levels.
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